RF and Microwave Sampling: Selected papers

Mark Kahrs, editor

1. M. Kahrs, 50 Years of RF and Microwave Sampling, Trans MTT , 2003, pages 1787-1805
2. Mark Kahrs, Applications of RF and Microwave Sampling to Instrumentation and Measurement, International Microwave Symposium , June 2003, pages 1503-1506
3. S. M. Riad, Electrical sampling techniques, Characterization of Very High Speed Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Circuits , SPIE 1987, 795, pages 120-131
   Nice overview of sampling including various gates and their implementation in various sampling scopes.
4. E. Hospitalier, The Slow Registration of Rapid Phonomena by Stroboscopic Methods, The Electrical Engineer , Jan 1904, pages 40-44
5. Donald E. Norgaard, Oscillograph Apparatus, U.S. Patent November 1, 1940
   The first modern oscillography patent. Clearly shows a sampled waveform with a linear sweep.
6. J. M. L. Janssen, A. J. Michels, An Experimental ``Stroboscopic'' Oscilloscope for Frequencies up to about 50 Mc/s. II. Electrical Build-up, Philips Technical Review , Dec. 1950, 12#3, pages 73-82
   The construction article that describes the circuitry of the earliest sampling 'scope.
7. J. M. L. Janssen, An Experimental ``Stroboscopic'' Oscilloscope for Frequencies up to about 50 Mc/s. I. Fundamentals, Philips Technical Review , Aug. 1950, 12#3, pages 52-59
   The first modern publication of the principals behind sampling oscillography.
8. J. G. McQueen, The Monitoring of High-Speed Waveforms, Electronic Engineering , Oct 1952, pages 436-441
   An important 'scope presaging the introduction of random sampling to eliminate jitter.
9. R. Sugarman, Sampling Oscilloscope for Statistically Varying Pulses, The Review of Scientific Instruments , Nov. 1957, 28#11
10. K. B. Magleby, V. E. Van Duzer, Plural series gate sampling circuit using positive feedback, U.S. Patent 1959
11. R. Carlson, A Versatile New DC-500 MC Oscilloscope with High Sensitivty and Dual Channel Display, HP Journal , Jan.-Mar. 1960, pages 1-8
12. J. V. Rogers, Direct Sampling Apparatus, U.S. Patent 1963
    Sampling probe using 4 diode switch: Tek P6038
13. K. B. Magleby, W. M. Grove, Signal Sampling Circuit including a signal conductor disposed in the, U.S. Patent 1963
    electromagnetic field of a shorted transmission line
14. W. M. Grove, A New DC-4000 MC Sampling 'scope plug-n with signal feed-through capability, HP Journal , Apr. 1964, pages 5-8
15. W. M. Grove, Sampling for Oscilloscopes and Other RF Systems: DC through X-Band, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Technique , Dec. 1966, MTT-14#12, pages 629-635
16. Q. A. Kerns, Analysis of nonrepetitive pulse waveforms by selection and storage of pulse increments, U.S. Patent 1966
17. Sedki M. Riad, Modeling of the HP-1430A Feedthough Wideband (28-ps) Sampling Head, IEEE Trans. Inst. and Measurement , Jun. 1982, IM-31#2, pages 110-115
18. G.J. Frye, Sampling system, U.S. Patent Dec. 21, 1971
19. G.J. Frye, Oscilloscope signal sampling system, U.S. Patent Oct. 5, 1971
20. L.R. Lockwood, Sampling Device, U.S. Patent Sep. 19, 1973
21. J. Merkelo, R. D. Hall, Broad-band Thin-film Signal Sampler, IEEE J. Solid State Circuits , Feb. 1972, SC-7#1, pages 50-54
    A nice description of the design of a thin-film sampler good to 20 GHz.
22. M. M. Sayed, 40 GHz Frequency Converter Heads, Hewlett-Packard Journal , Apr. 1980, 31, pages 14-19
23. W. C. Whitely, W. E. Kunz, W. J. Anklam, 50 GHz Sampler Hybrid Utilizing a Small Shockline and an Internal SRD, IEEE MTT-S Digest , 1991, pages 895-898
    State of the art at HP circa 1991. A small GaAs shockline is used to shorten the sampling pulse.
24. R. A. Lawton, J. R. Andrews, Optically Strobed Sampling Oscilloscope, IEEE Trans. Instrumentation and Measurement , Mar. 1976, 25#1, pages 56-60
    Describes a sampling head that uses a bulk GaAs photoconductor pulsed by a GaAs laser diode.
25. M. J. W. Rodwell, D. M. Bloom, Nonlinear transmission line for generation of picosecond electrical transients , U.S. Patent May. 7, 1991
26. C-Y Su, T. Tan, W. J. Anklam, Monolithic Sampler, U.S. Patent Sep. 11, 1990
27. R. A. Marsland, Directional Sampling Bridge, Jun. 9, 1992
28. M. J. W. Rodwell, M. Kamegawa, R. Yu, M. Case, E. Carman, K. Giboney, GaAs Nonlinear Transmission Lines for Picosecond Pulse Generation, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Techniques , Jul. 1991, 39#7, pages 1194-1204
    and Millimeter-Wave Sampling
29. G. J. Frye, N. S. Nahman, Random Sampling Oscillography, IEEE. Trans. Instrumentation and Measurement , Mar. 1964, pages 8-13
    Describes the second (but modern) random sampling time base. This is the foundation of the Tektronix 3T77 and 7T11 timebases. Schematics are given.
30. J. R. Andrews, Random Sampling Oscilloscope for the Observation of Mercury Switch Closure Transition Times, IEEE Trans. Instrumentation and Measurement , Dec. 1973, pages 375-381
    An abbreviated version of an NBS report. Describes a sweep unit with a phase lock loop and truly random triggering.
31. Jan Verspecht, Compensation of Timing Jitter-Induced Distortion of Sampled Waveforms, IEEE Trans. on Inst. & Measurement , Oct 1994, 43#5, pages 726-732
    Timing jitter is the difference between the sampling strobe and the actual timing gate closure. This paper discusses how to compensate for the statistical nature of this difference.
32. Jan Verspecht, Broadband Sampling Oscilloscope Characterization with the "Nose-to-Nose" Calibration Procedure: A Theoretical and Practical Analysis, IEEE Trans. on Inst. & Measurement , Dec. 1995, 44#6, pages 991-997
    Detailed analysis of a clever idea: a sampler generates pulse which can be measured at the input connector of the sampler. Using another sampler, this pulse can be measured and compared with the model of the sampler.
33. W. L. Gans, The measurement and deconvolution of time jitter in equivalent-time wave form samplers, IEEE Trans. IM , Mar. 1983, IM-32#1, pages 126-133
    Fundamental paper in deconvolving the effect of time base jitter
34. J. R. Andrews, Automatic Network Measurements in the Time Domain, Proc. of the IEEE , Apr. 1978, 66#4, pages 414-423
35. S. M. Riad, The Deconvolution Problem: An Overview, Proc. IEEE , Jan. 1986, 74#1, pages 82-85
36. J. Verspecht, K. Rush, Individual Characterization of Broadband Sampling Oscilloscopes with a Nose-to-Nose Calibration Procedure, IEEE Trans. Instr. Measurement , Apr. 1994, 43#2, pages 342-354
37. G. N. Stenbakken, J. P. Deyst, Comparison of time base nonlinearity measurement techniques, IEEE Trans. Inst. and Meas. , Feb. 1998, 47#1, pages 34-39
38. J. Verspecht, Accurate spectral estimation based on measurements with a distorted timebase digitizer. , IEEE Trans. Inst. and Meas. , April 1994, 43#2, pages 210-215
39. P. E. Stuckert, CAOS, Computer-assisted oscilloscope system, IEEE Trans. Inst. and Measurement , Dec. 1969, IM-18, pages 299-306
    First computer assisting sampling scope. Used a 564 with 3S2 and 3T2 plugins; everything else was custom.
40. W. L. Gans, Present Capabilities of the NBS Automatic Pulse Measurement System, IEEE Tran. Inst. and Measurement , Dec. 1976, IM-25#4, pages 384-388
    Description of the NBS TDNA system